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Vertical Machining Center (VMC) – HG855V is an automatic power vertical milling machine with CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled) control and tool magazine. It is used to mill 2D/3D shapes or patterns on various materials. It uses a rotating cylindrical tool that can move along multiple axes and create a variety of shapes, slots and holes. In addition, the workpiece is often moved across the milling tool in different directions. HG Machinetools CNC Vertical Machining Center (VMC) is suitable for engraving, carving, milling, cutting and drilling most materials. Therefore, it is widely used in injection mold, hardware mold, metal mold and other molding industries. It is especially designed for batch milling molds, watch, eyeglasses, panel, brand, badge, outer surface’s sleeking, three-dimensional graphics and words. Besides, it’s easy for this mill to form 2D or 3D reliefs on a wide range of materials. HG Machinetools Vertical Machining Center machine body, work table, column, milling head, etc. are all made of high-strength cast iron, and undergo secondary tempering and aging treatment to optimize the reinforcement structure, making the overall performance more in line with the requirements of processing characteristics and stability. 855V HG Machinetools A. Advantages of HG Machinetools’ Vertical Machining Center (VMC)- HG855V 1. The guide rail of the machine body adopts a large span design, and the column adopts an A-shaped structure design, which makes the machine tool rigid and thermally stable. 2. Taiwan imported high performance spindle, optionally equipped with spindle oil cooling device to control spindle temperature rise and improve cutting accuracy. 3. All three feed axes are supported by Taiwan-imported linear roller guides, ensuring the accuracy of three-axis positioning. 4. Both ends of the ball screw are pre-stretched, which increases the rigidity of the transmission and eliminates the thermal deformation caused by rapid motion in advance. 5. Our vertical machining center adopts a splash-proof sheet metal fully protective design, which is beautiful and elegant, ensuring the personal safety of operators. B. Key Features of HG Machinetools’ Vertical Machining Center (VMC) – HG855V a. Fully Enclosed Cover b. Integrated Controller c. Servo Motors d. Tool Magazine e. With FANUC control system f. Automatic Lubrication System g. HIWIN/PMI Roller Type Linear Guide h. HIWIN/PMI Ball Screw i. FAG Bears j. OKADA/Aimach Tool Magazine C. Optional 1. Different Control System Optional 2. 4th-Axis / 5th-Axis Optional 3. Different Speed of Spindle Optional 4. Different Type of Tool Magazine Optional 5. Tools Capacity of Tool Magazine Optional D. Some Specific Configurations High Strength Castings The machine body, work table, column, milling head, etc. of HG Machinetools Vertical Machining Centers are all made of high-strength cast iron, and are subjected to secondary tempering and aging treatment to optimize the reinforcement structure, making the overall performance more in line with the requirements of machining characteristics and stability. High Strength Castings HG Machinetools CNC Controller HG Machinetools CNC Control System Fanuc(Japan), Mitsubishi (Japan), Syntec (Taiwan,China) Optional Adoption of powerful and highly reliable high-speed microprocessor systems; Dynamic toolpath simulation, intelligent warning display, self-diagnostics and more; Multi-segment pre-reading control is particularly suitable for high-speed and large program processing; RS-232 serial transmission, memory card transmission, USB transmission, combined with DNC standard processing configuration, facilitates the transmission of large- capacity programs and online processing, with better processing efficiency and effectiveness. Spindle From Taiwan, China Speed 6000/8000/10000/12000 RPM Optional The spindle and motor belt are designed with a 1:1 connection, and the main motor is a low inertia motor with a speed of 10000 rpm. It is a wise choice for high precision, high rigidity and heavy cutting situations; if there is a higher requirement for surface smoothness, a 12000 rpm direct spindle can also be selected. Spindle HG Machinetools Cooling system HG Machinetools Cooling System HG Machine is equipped with a cooling system, and the combination of a large flow pump and many nozzles can solve the machining problems of tool overheating and workpiece deformation due to machining heat. E. Some Components of Our CNC Machining Centers CNC Control System Fanuc Tool Magazine Linear Guideway HIWIN Lubricating oil system Manual Pulse Generator Heat Exchanger ITEM UNIT HG-850V HG-855V HG-1160V HG-1275V HG-1370V HG-1580V Travel of X Axis (Left-Right) mm 800 800 1100 1200 1300 1500 Travel of Y Axis(Front-Back) mm 500 550 600 750 700 800 Travelof Z Axis(Up-Down) mm 500 550 600 600 700 700 Distance from workbench to spindle end face mm 150-650 150-700 120-720 120-720 80-780 150-850 Distance from the front end of column to the center of Spindle mm 600 643 650 775 810 925 Working Table Size(L*W) mm 1000×500 1000×550 1200×600 1300×700 1400×700 1600×800 Max. Loading Weight kg 400 500 800 1000 1600 1600 Working Table T-Slot mm 18T×90×5 18T×90×5 18T×100×5 18T×100×6 18T×110×5 18T×110×7 X/Y/Z Axis Rapid Feeding Speed m/min 48×48×48 48×48×48 36×36×36 36×36×36 30×30×30 30×30×30 Power of X/Y/Z Axis According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System Roller Guideway of X/Y/Z X:35(4Rollers) Y:35(4Rollers) Z:35(4Rollers) X:35(4Rollers) Y:45(4Rollers) Z:45(6Rollers) X:45(6Rollers) Y:45(4Rollers) Z:45(6Rollers) X:45(6Rollers) Y:55(4Rollers) Z:45(6Rollers) X:45(6Rollers) Y:45(8Rollers) Z:45(6Rollers) X:55(6Rollers) Y:45(4Rollers) Z:55(6Rollers) , Ball Screw of X/Y/Z 4016 4016 4012 4012 4512 5010 Speed of Spindle rpm 8000/10000/12000 8000/10000/12000 8000/10000/12000 6000/8000/10000/12000 6000/8000/10000/12000 6000/8000/10000/12000 Spindle Taper BT40 BT40 BT40 BT40/BT50 BT40/BT50 BT40/BT50 Transmission Type mm Belt／Direct Connect Belt／Direct Connect Belt／Direct Connect Belt／Direct Connect Belt／Direct Connect Belt／ Direct Connect Spindle Motor kW According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System According to the Control System Position accuracy mm ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.005/300 ±0.005/300 ±0.005/300 Repeatability position accuracy mm ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 ±0.003/300 Tool Magazine (Tools Qty) T BT40-24 BT40-24 BT40-24 BT40-24T/BT50-24T BT40-24T/BT50-24T BT40-24T/BT50-24T Control System Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Syntec/Mitsubish/Fanuc Machine Floor Space (LxWxH) mm 2700×2400×2500 2700×2400×2600 3100×2450×2800 3300×2500×2800 3600×2800×2800 4400×3200×3000 Pressure Requirement kg/cm² 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 Power Supply Kva 20 20 20 25 30 35 Edit Machine Weight kg 5200 5500 7000 8500 10000 13000

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The aluminum fins are embedded in a spiral groove about 0.25~0.5mm deep on the surface of the steel pipe, while the metal extruded from the spiral groove is rolled back to the fin root. The biggest advantage of this kind of g fin tube is that it has good thermal performance, the working temperature can reach 350～400℃, and the fin temperature can reach 260℃, and the maximum use temperature of G type finned tube is 350℃ as stipulated in GB/T 15386-94, the national standard of air cooler. The disadvantage is that the fins and tubes of the two metals in the atmosphere are prone to electrochemical corrosion, poor corrosion resistance and high cost. The tube wall has stress concentration and cannot be used for medium and high pressure applications. If the pressure is not squeezed well (the edge of the spiral groove is not close to the aluminum sheet), its heat transfer performance is worse than any finned tube. Introduction of G Type Finned Tube G-Type finned tubes, also known as grooved finned tubes or embedded-fin tubes, are a type of finned tubes where the "G" stands for grooved. These tubes are formed by twisting a fin strip, typically made of copper or aluminium, into a machined groove on the outer surface of the tube. The fin strip is then back-filled to securely lock it in place, ensuring a tight fit. The base tube material is completely surrounded and filled by the fins. The specific materials, dimensions, and groove designs of G-Type finned tubes can vary depending on the application requirements and operating conditions. Factors such as fluid characteristics, operating temperature, and pressure influence the selection of materials to ensure optimal heat transfer performance. In summary, G-Type finned tubes are a robust and effective solution for high- temperature heat transfer applications. Their grooved design and secure locking mechanism provide strength and durability, enabling efficient heat exchange and contributing to overall system performance. Why G-type Finned Tube? Grooved finned tubes offer several advantages. The grooved design significantly increases the surface area of the tube, enhancing heat transfer efficiency. They provide excellent strength and durability, making them suitable for applications requiring high-temperature heat transfer. The tight fit of the fins ensures efficient heat dissipation or absorption. Grooved finned tubes are typically made of materials like copper or aluminium. The selection of the material depends on factors such as the application requirements, operating temperature, and compatibility with the working fluid. The grooved design of the fins increases the surface area of the tube, allowing for better heat transfer. This enhanced surface area facilitates efficient heat dissipation or absorption, leading to improved overall heat transfer performance. As one of industrial cooling tower manufacturers, we will do our best to meet all the needs of customers.

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The radiant fin tube, steel fin tube, electric fin tube is an efficient heat transfer element, the core and key component of the common air cooler, its quality directly affects the performance of the common air cooler, and the cost of the finned tube in the common air cooler accounts for about 60% or more of the total cost of the tube bundle. Types Of Finned Tubes L-Type Finned Tubes LL Type Finned Tube KL Type Finned Tube G-Type Finned Tube DR Type Finned Tube Introduction Finned tubes are specialized heat transfer components used in various industries and applications. These tubes are typically made of a metal such as copper, aluminum, or stainless steel and feature extended surfaces, called fins, attached to the outer surface of the tube. The fins significantly increase the surface area of the tube, which enhances heat transfer efficiency. Finned tubes are commonly used in finnedtubeheatexchanger , air coolers, condensers, and boilers, where efficient heat exchange is crucial. The fins facilitate the transfer of heat between the fluid flowing inside the tube and the surrounding air or fluid. By increasing the surface area available for heat transfer, finned tubes enable quicker and more effective heat dissipation or heat absorption. Can Finned Tubes Be Made Of Different Materials? 1 2 copper fin tubes can be made of different materials depending on the application. Materials such as carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, and aluminum are commonly used in the manufacture of finned tubes. In some cases, a combination of metals may be used to optimize heat transfer characteristics while minimizing cost. What Is The Process Used To Manufacture Finned Tubes? The manufacturing process for finned tubes involves taking a basic tube and attaching fins to its exterior surface. Various methods such as roll bonding, extrusion, and welding can be used to attach the fins. The tube is first cleaned to remove any impurities or contaminants that could compromise adhesion of the fins. The fins are then bonded to the tube using heat or pressure or a combination of both. The tube is then tested and inspected to ensure that it meets required specifications. How Are Finned Tubes Maintained? Finned tubes require regular maintenance to ensure their peak performance and longevity. Regular maintenance includes cleaning, inspection, and repair. The fins, tubes, and the interior of the heat exchanger must be regularly inspected and cleaned to remove debris that may reduce the transfer of heat. The fins may need to be straightened if they become damaged to optimize heat transfer. In some cases, fins may need to be replaced if they become damaged beyond repair. It is important to ensure that the replacement fins have the same specifications and dimensions as the original fins to ensure proper operation. A preventative maintenance schedule can help to ensure that finned tubes are regularly maintained to optimize their operation and lifespan. As one of tower fan manufacturers, we will do our best to meet all the needs of customers.

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Evap condenser is a type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat from process fluids to the atmosphere. Unlike a direct air-cooled condenser, an evaporative type condenser uses water as the cooling medium. The process fluid passes through a tube bundle while water is sprayed over the tubes. As the water evaporates, it removes heat from the process fluid. The cold water is then collected in a sump and pumped back to the top of the evaporative condenser cooling tower, completing the cooling cycle. Operating Principle of Evaporative Condenser The operating principle of an evaporative condensing unit is based on the principle of evaporative cooling. An evaporative condenser is typically made up of a tube bundle that is arranged in horizontal coils through which a warm fluid circulates. Water is sprayed over the tubes and evaporates, removing heat from the process fluid. The latent heat required to evaporate the water comes from the heat rejected by the process fluid being condensed. As the water evaporates, it becomes saturated with heat and is collected at the bottom of the condenser. It is then pumped to the top of the condenser, where it is sprayed again to continue the heat transfer process. Evaporative condenser types can be used in both closed and open loop systems, depending on the application. They are used in various industries to cool process fluids in refrigeration, air conditioning, and power generation applications. They offer several advantages, including high efficiency and energy savings, and are suitable for use in areas with limited space. In summary, evaporative condensers operate on the principle of evaporative cooling, where water is used as the cooling medium to remove heat from process fluids. The cooled water is then recycled and reused, making them an energy- efficient cooling solution. Product Structure of Evaporative Condenser Main components 1. Coil: The coil is the main heat exchange surface of the evaporative condenser. It consists of a series of horizontal tubes with fins that increase the surface area exposed to the air and enhance heat transfer. 2. Fan system: The fan system creates a draft that drives air through the coil and provides the necessary heat transfer surface for evaporation, making it an essential component of the evaporative condenser. 3. Water distribution system: The water distribution system sprays water over the coil and uniformly distributes the water over its surface. Water distribution systems can vary from a simple gravity-fed system to a high-pressure pump system that delivers water to spray nozzles. 4. Sump: The sump is the collection basin that holds the cooled water and receives the recirculated water that is used to spray over the coil. 5. Pump: The pump is responsible for pumping the water from the sump to the spray nozzles, maintaining the required water flow rate. 6. Control system: The control system regulates the evaporative condenser's fan speed, water flow rate and temperature, ensuring that the system operates efficiently. Features of Evaporative Condenser 01 Heat transfer: Evaporative condensers use the principle of heat transfer in order to remove heat from a process or system. 02 Water distribution system: It is crucial for an evaporative condenser to have an efficient water distribution system in order to ensure that all heat transfer surfaces are adequately covered with water. 03 Fan: Evaporative condensers have a fan that circulates air over the water distribution system and heat transfer surfaces. 04 Air inlet system: The air inlet system is designed in such a way that it allows for maximum air flow and low resistance to the airflow. 05 Water basin: An evaporative condenser has a water basin that collects hot water from the process or system and allows it to dissipate heat through evaporation. 06 Corrosion resistance: The materials used to build an evaporative condenser are often chosen for their ability to resist corrosion. 07 Water treatment system: In order to maintain the efficiency of an evaporative condenser, a water treatment system is often used to prevent mineral build-up and maintain water quality. 08 Automatic controls: Many modern evaporative condensers are equipped with automatic controls that monitor and adjust the water and air flow to ensure optimum performance. Advantages of Evaporative Condenser Energy efficiency: Evaporative condensers are highly energy-efficient, as they utilize the latent heat of evaporation to remove heat from the system, rather than relying solely on mechanical refrigeration. Reduced water usage: As evaporative condensers continuously recycle water through the system, they require significantly less water than traditional cooling towers. Lower operating costs: Due to their energy efficiency and reduced water usage, evaporative condensers can result in lower overall operating costs compared to other cooling methods. Reduced maintenance: Because they rely on natural processes to remove heat from the system, evaporative condensers require less maintenance and have longer lifespans than other cooling systems. Increased capacity: Evaporative condensers have the ability to handle large cooling loads and can be scaled up or down to meet changing demand. Environmentally friendly: With lower energy usage and reduced water consumption, evaporative condensers are considered to be environmentally friendly and sustainable cooling options. Improved air quality: Evaporative condensers can help to improve air quality by reducing the use of refrigerants and other chemicals that can be harmful to the environment and human health. Application of Evaporative Condenser Evaporative condensers have a wide range of applications in industries such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and power generation. Refrigeration: Evaporative condensers are commonly used in commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, including food processing facilities, supermarkets, and cold storage warehouses. They are used to condense refrigerant gases, such as ammonia or freon, and remove heat from the process. Air conditioning: Evaporative condensers are also used in air conditioning systems to reject heat from the air conditioning process and improve system efficiency. They are often used for large central air conditioning systems in commercial buildings. Power generation: Evaporative condensers are used in power plants to cool the condenser water in a steam power cycle. They are used to remove heat from the steam turbine and condense the steam back into water to be reused in the cycle. Industrial processes: Evaporative condensers have found applications in industrial processes such as chemical and petrochemical processing, oil refining, and paper manufacturing. They are used to cool process fluids and improve process efficiency. In summary, evaporative condensers are widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, power generation, and industrial processes where efficient cooling and heat rejection are essential. Now the evaporative condenser price is reasonable, if you have needs to buy high quality cooling towers and evaporative condensers, please contact us. We can also offer sorts of cooling tower with heat exchanger for sale, if you are interested, please leave us a message.

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Di 2 ethylhexyl phosphate (P204), also known as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula C16H35O4P. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid that is widely used in various industrial applications. CAS No.: 298-07-7 Molecular formula: (C8H17O)2PO2H Molecular weight: 322.42 (according to the Standard Atomic Weights 1987) Structure Diagram of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) CAS No. 298-07-7 Molecular formula (C8H17O)2PO2H Molecular weight 322.42 (according to the Standard Atomic Weights 1987) Molecular structure diagram Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) of Molecular Structure Diagram Properties: Colorless or light yellow oily liquid; soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. Freezing point: -60℃; boiling point: 209℃ (10 mmHg). Introduction of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) 01 Application: This product is an acidic phosphorus extractant, mainly used for extraction and separation of rare metals and rare earths, and can also be used in medicine, printing and dyeing, petrochemical wastewater treatment and other industries. 02 Packaging: 200 kg/plastic barrel; 1000 L/IBC ton barrel. 03 Storage and transportation: Handled with care during transportation to prevent impact. Stored in a cool, ventilated and dry warehouse, ensuring fire prevention and rain proof. Specifications of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) Item Export Grade Superior Grade Industrial Grade Content % ≥95.0 ≥93.0 ≥90.0 Monooctyl Phosphate % ≤2.0 ≤2.5 ≤2.7 Chroma (Pt-Co Color Number) ≤100 ≤150 ≤200 Acid Value (mgKOH/g) 159—189 ------ Density (20℃) g/mL 0.9736—0.9756 0.9715—0.9735 ------ Viscosity (cp) 25℃ mm2/s 42±3 42±5 ------ Flash Point (open cup method) ℃ ≥160 ≥150 ------ Refractive Index（Nd20） 1.4434—1.4444 1.4430—1.4440 ------ Monometallic Impurity (ppm) This item can be controlled below 60 according to client demand ------ How Does Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) Function? 01 Complex Formation: P204 acts as a complexing agent, forming coordination compounds with metal ions present in an aqueous solution. When P204 is dissolved in an organic solvent, it creates an interface between the aqueous and organic phases. 02 Selective Extraction: P204 selectively extracts specific metal ions from the aqueous solution into the organic phase. The metal ions form complexes with P204, which have higher solubility in the organic solvent compared to the aqueous phase. 03 Phase Separation: After the extraction, the organic phase containing the metal- P204 complexes is separated from the aqueous phase. This separation is facilitated by differences in density or the use of specific techniques such as centrifugation or settling. 04 Phase Separation: The metal-P204 complexes in the organic phase can be further processed to recover the desired metal. Stripping agents or solutions are used to break the complexes, releasing the metal ions into a new aqueous solution or suitable medium. 05 Purification and Recycling: The metal ions can undergo subsequent purification steps to obtain a high-purity metal product. Meanwhile, the organic phase, containing P204, can be recycled by removing impurities and reusing it in the extraction process. Precautions for Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) Is P204 Toxic or Hazardous? Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) is considered a moderately toxic substance. It can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system upon direct contact or inhalation. It is essential to handle P204 with appropriate safety precautions, including the use of protective equipment and adherence to recommended handling procedures. Are There Any Environmental Concerns Associated with P204? Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (P204) has low aquatic toxicity and is not persistent in the environment. However, like other organophosphates, it should be handled and disposed of responsibly to prevent contamination of water bodies and ecosystems. We have been engaged in refrigeration and air conditioning industry for many years, if you have needs, please contact us.

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Direct acc air cooled condenser (ACC) is a type of heat exchanger commonly used in thermal power plants. It is designed to convert steam from the turbine exhaust into water, which can then be returned to the steam cycle. Unlike a conventional water-cooled condenser, a direct ACC uses air as the cooling medium, allowing for more compact design and reduced water usage. The steam is fed through a series of finned tubes, where it is cooled by the flow of air, which is generated by a forced draft fan. Operating Principle of Direct Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) It is a cooling system in which air is used as the cooling medium and the steam from the steam turbine's exhaust is immediately condensed into water through the tube bundle of the air-cooled condenser. Its air-cooled condenser, air supply system, support structure, exhaust duct system, condensate collecting system, vacuum-pumping system, cleaning system, electrical system, and instrument control system are the primary components of its heat exchange system. Features of Direct Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) 01 High thermal efficiency: Direct air-cooled condensers (ACCs) have a high thermal efficiency due to their finned tube bundles and large airflow, which allows for efficient latent heat transfer and ensures that the entire steam turbine exhaust is condensed. 02 Compact size: ACCs are designed to be compact and take up less space compared to conventional water-cooled condensers, making them suitable for installation in power plants with limited space. 03 Reduced water usage: ACCs do not require any water from an external source for cooling, making them more water-efficient than traditional water-cooled systems. This reduces the impact of the plant on the environment and results in potential cost savings for the power plant. 04 Reduced maintenance: ACCs have a simplified design and require less maintenance than water-cooled systems. There is less need for water treatment or mitigation systems to prevent leaks or corrosion, reducing maintenance costs for the plant. As a result, ACCs have higher reliability and less downtime, which helps reduce operational costs. Advantages of Direct Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) There are several advantages of using a direct air-cooled condenser (ACC) in a power plant: Reduced water usage: As they do not require any cooling water, ACCs offer significant water savings compared to traditional water-cooled systems. This can help power plants meet environmental regulations and reduce their impact on the environment. Compact design: ACCs are designed to be compact and require less space than traditional water-cooled systems. This makes them ideal for use in power plants with limited space and allows for easier installation. Lower maintenance costs: ACCs require less maintenance than water-cooled systems and have a simplified design, reducing maintenance costs and improving plant reliability. No water treatment required: Water-cooled systems require water treatment to maintain water quality and prevent corrosion. Since ACCs do not require cooling water, there is no need for water treatment or the associated costs. Efficient operation: ACCs have a high thermal efficiency due to their finned tube bundles and large airflow, resulting in efficient latent heat transfer and ensuring that the entire steam turbine exhaust is condensed. In summary, the main advantages of using a direct air-cooled condenser (ACC) in power plants include reduced water usage, a compact design, lower maintenance costs, no water treatment requirement, and efficient operation. Maintenance Of Industrial Air Cooling Systems Regular cleaning of air filters to ensure proper airflow and prevent clogging. Inspection and cleaning of evaporator and condenser coils to remove any accumulated dust or debris. Lubrication of fan bearings and motors to ensure smooth operation. Inspection of electrical connections, wires, and controls for damage or wear and tear. Checking of refrigerant levels and ensuring there are no leaks. Regular inspection of refrigerant lines for any damage or corrosion. Cleaning and inspection of drain pans to prevent the buildup of algae and bacteria. Inspection of ductwork and insulation to ensure proper airflow and prevent leaks or damage. Now the air cooled condensing unit price is reasonable, if you have needs to buy chiller condensing unit , please contact us. If you want to know more kinds of cooling system industrial, please visit our website.

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Copper target is a high-purity and highly conductive material utilized in various applications such as semiconductor production, solar cell manufacturing, and research applications such as X-ray fluorescence analysis. The copper targets are available in various shapes and sizes and are designed with high precision to meet the industry standards. The copper targets feature exceptional durability, excellent thermal conductivity, and resistance to corrosion and oxidation, making them a reliable material. Classification Of Copper Target Copper targets are classified based on the manufacturing process, purity level, and the shape and size of the final product. Based on the manufacturing process, the copper targets are divided into two categories - sputtering targets and electroplating targets. Sputtering targets are manufactured using high-temperature techniques, whereas electroplating targets are made through electrochemical processes. Purity level also plays a significant role in copper target classification, with high-purity copper targets typically featuring purity levels greater than 99.99%. Depending on the shape and size requirement, copper targets can be classified into various shapes such as plates, disks, squares, and rectangles, or custom shapes as per the specific application needs. Operating Principle of Copper Target Copper targets are primarily used in sputtering and electroplating applications, where high-purity copper films are required. In the sputtering process, a high- energy ion beam hits the surface of the copper target, causing it to eject copper atoms. These atoms then deposit onto a substrate, forming a thin film. The sputtering process operates based on the ionization of the sputtering gas, typically argon, which creates a plasma that is accelerated towards the target surface. The plasma ionizes the gaseous argon, creating high-energy ions that impact the copper target, causing sputtering. The sputtered material is deposited onto a substrate, creating a uniform and high-purity copper film. In the electroplating process, a copper target is used as the anode, and a substrate is used as the cathode. Direct current is passed through a copper sulfate solution to deposit copper onto the substrate. During this process, copper ions dissolve off the target, migrate to the cathode, and deposit onto the substrate, forming a thin copper film. Overall, the efficient operation of both sputtering and electroplating processes is highly dependent on the purity and quality of the copper target material. Physical Properties Of Copper Target Density 8.92 g/cm3 Color Purplish red Melting point 1083.4℃ Boiling point 2567℃ The copper target is appropriate for various sputtering techniques, such as two- pole sputtering, three-pole sputtering, four-pole sputtering, RF sputtering, ion beam sputtering, magnetron sputtering, and facing targets sputtering. It is suitable for the deposition of several types of films, such as reflective, conductive, semiconductor, decorative, protective, and integrated circuit films, commonly used in applications including displays. Compared to other target materials, copper targets are cost-effective, making them the preferred choice when the desired film functionalities can be achieved. If you want to know more about copper target price, please contact us. More applications of cooling system in industry, please visit our website.

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Copper extractants are organic compounds used to selectively extract copper ions from ores and concentrates. They form chemical complexes with copper ions, allowing the separation of the metal from other minerals. Copper extractants play a crucial role in hydrometallurgical processing, electrorefining, and heap leaching. They help to efficiently and cost-effectively extract copper from low- grade ores, contributing to meeting the growing demand for this metal. The development of new and improved copper extractants has revolutionized the copper mining industry by enhancing efficiency and sustainability. Types Of Copper Extractants AD108 High-efficiency Copper Extractant AD-100 High-efficiency Copper Extractant The Challenges And Opportunities In The Use Of Copper Extractants In Electrorefining Of Copper Challenges: Selectivity of copper extractants: Copper extractants used in electrorefining must be highly selective to copper to ensure the desired level of purity and avoid contamination by other metal impurities. Stability and compatibility of extractants: Copper extractants must be stable and compatible with the aqueous electrolyte solution to avoid loss of extractants from the organic phase and reduce the potential for contamination. Control of impurities: The presence of impurities like sulfur and selenium in the copper electrolyte can lead to the formation of undesirable compounds, which can affect the purity of the final copper metal. Environmental impact: The use of copper extractants in electrorefining can have adverse environmental impacts such as the release of organic solvents and heavy metals into the environment. Opportunities: , Improved efficiency: The use of appropriate copper extractants can increase electrorefining efficiency by improving the rate of copper deposition and reducing the electrical energy needed for the process. Selective recovery: Copper extractants can be used to selectively recover copper from waste streams and secondary sources, reducing the environmental impact and contributing to a circular economy model. Automation and monitoring: Advancements in electrorefining monitoring and automation technology provide opportunities for increased efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and improved safety in the use of copper extractants. Innovation: Continued research and development into new copper extractants and electrorefining technologies can lead to improvements in the efficiency, selectivity, and environmental sustainability of the electrorefining process. The Role Of Copper Extractants In Hydrometallurgical Processing Solvent Extraction: Copper extractants are often used in solvent extraction processes to selectively extract copper ions from the ore. In this process, a water-based solution containing copper ions is mixed with an organic extractant, which selectively binds to the copper ions, forming a solution that is rich in copper. Purification: After copper extraction, the solution containing copper and extractant undergoes several purification steps to remove impurities such as iron, zinc, and nickel. The extracted copper can then be electroplated or refined to produce pure copper. Efficiency: Copper extractants play a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of hydrometallurgical processing. By selectively extracting copper ions from complex mixtures of minerals and other elements, copper extractants reduce the amount of reagents and energy required for copper extraction, consequently reducing the overall cost of the process. Sustainability: Copper extractants can also contribute to the sustainability of hydrometallurgical processing by reducing environmental impact. By selectively extracting copper ions, copper extractants minimize the amount of waste generated, reducing the amount of hazardous materials released into the environment. Emerging Trends In The Use Of Copper Extractants For Metal Recovery From Waste Streams And Recycling Processes E-waste recycling: Copper extractants are being used for metal recovery from electronic waste (e-waste) due to the significant amount of copper present in such waste. These extractants can selectively remove copper from e-waste streams for recovery. Leach-solvent extraction-electrowinning (L-SX-EW): This method is being used for copper recovery from low-grade and complex ores. L-SX-EW combines leaching, solvent extraction, and electrowinning technology, which results in high copper recoveries. Hydrometallurgical recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): Copper extractants are being used in WEEE recycling to recover copper efficiently, selectively, and sustainably. Bioleaching: Bioleaching bacteria are used to catalyze the dissolution of copper from ores, mine waste, and other copper-containing materials, followed by recovery using copper extractants. This method presents an eco-friendly alternative to traditional copper mining. Solvent Extraction Ion Exchange (SX-IX): This technology combines solvent extraction and ion exchange technology in the same system making it possible to extract and reepure copper selectively. Applications Of Copper Extractants In Separation Science And Technology Chromatography: Copper extractants can be used as ligands for immobilized metal ion chromatography (IMAC), which is used to separate proteins and peptides based on their metal ion binding properties. Copper extractants such as LIX®-84 can be selectively used for the separation of copper from cobalt and nickel in metal mixtures. Liquid-liquid extraction: Copper extractants can be used in liquid-liquid extraction to separate copper from other metal ions. The extraction process involves mixing a copper-containing aqueous solution with an organic solvent containing the copper extractant. The copper ions will bind selectively to the extractant, allowing for the separation of copper from the other metals. Ion exchange: Copper extractants can be used in cation exchange processes, where copper ions are selectively adsorbed on a resin containing the copper extractant. This process can be used to separate copper ions from other metal ions in solutions. Electrowinning: Copper extractants can be added to electrowinning solutions to improve copper ion extraction efficiency. The copper extractant acts as a surfactant, reducing surface tension and allowing for the efficient transfer of copper ions to the electrode. Membrane filtration: Copper extractants can be used in membrane filtration processes, where copper ions can be selectively extracted from solutions using permeable membranes coated with copper extractions. If you want to know more details of separating gold from copper, please contact us. Now the price of cooling tower and heat exchanger is reasonable, if you have needs, please leave us a message.

Minimum Order: 1 bags

　　O ring are commonly used in various industries for their sealing capabilities. They create a tight seal between two parts, preventing leakages and ensuring the proper functioning of machinery and equipment. As O ring are subjected to wear and tear over time, the question arises: is it acceptable to reuse O ring? In this article, we will examine this question and explore the factors to consider when deciding whether to reuse O ring. 　　The decision to reuse an O ring depends on several factors, including its condition, material, and application. Firstly, the condition of the O ring must be thoroughly assessed. If an O ring shows signs of damage, such as cracking, tearing, or deformation, it is not suitable for reuse. Damaged O ring may not provide an effective seal, leading to leaks and potential equipment failure. Therefore, it is crucial to inspect O ring carefully before considering their reuse. 　　The material of the O ring is also an important factor. O ring are made from various materials, including rubber, silicone, and fluorocarbon. Some materials, such as nitrile rubber, are more resistant to chemicals and high temperatures, making them suitable for reuse in certain applications. However, other materials, like fluoroelastomers, are more prone to degradation and may not retain their sealing properties after initial use. It is essential to understand the material's limitations and consult manufacturer recommendations before reusing O ring. 　　Furthermore, the application of the O ring affects its suitability for reuse. In some cases, O ring are used in critical applications where any failure can have severe consequences. For such applications, it is generally recommended to use new O ring to ensure the highest level of reliability and safety. However, in less critical applications, where failure may not have significant consequences, reusing O ring can be considered, provided they pass the necessary inspections. 　　When considering the reusability of O ring, it is essential to understand that O ring are designed to be disposable. Manufacturers often specify that O ring should be replaced with new ones after each use. This recommendation is based on the fact that O ring undergo physical stress during the sealing process, which can lead to subtle damage. Reusing such damaged O ring may compromise their effectiveness and increase the risk of failure. Therefore, while it may be tempting to reuse O ring for cost-saving purposes, it is crucial to prioritize safety and operational integrity. 　　The decision to reuse O ring should be made based on careful evaluation of their condition, material, and application. Damaged O ring should never be reused, as they may fail to provide an effective seal. The material of the O ring should be considered, as some materials are more suitable for reuse than others. Additionally, the application and criticality of the equipment should be taken into account when deciding whether to reuse O ring. Ultimately, safety and reliability should be the primary concerns, and if there is any doubt about the integrity of the O ring, it is best to choose a new one.

Minimum Order: 500

Hebei Suna Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2002，Our main products includes HPMC, HEMC, RDP, HEC, PVA, CMC, Inorganic Pigment, Titanium Dioxide, and so on. Please contact with me if you are interested in our products. My email is export03@cnsuna.com My Whatsapp is +86 18631102067

Minimum Order: 1 bags

Hebei Suna Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2002，Our main products includes HPMC, HEMC, RDP, HEC, PVA, CMC, Inorganic Pigment, Titanium Dioxide, and so on. Please contact with me if you are interested in our products. My email is export03@cnsuna.com My Whatsapp is +86 18631102067

Minimum Order: 1 bags

Hebei Suna Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2002，Our main products includes HPMC, HEMC, RDP, HEC, PVA, CMC, Inorganic Pigment, Titanium Dioxide, and so on. Please contact with me if you are interested in our products. My email is export03@cnsuna.com My Whatsapp is +86 18631102067

Minimum Order: 1 bags

Hebei Suna Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2002，Our main products includes HPMC, HEMC, RDP, HEC, PVA, CMC, Inorganic Pigment, Titanium Dioxide, and so on. Please contact with me if you are interested in our products. My email is export03@cnsuna.com My Whatsapp is +86 18631102067

Minimum Order: 1 bags

Hebei Suna Technology Co., Ltd. was founded in 2002，Our main products includes HPMC, HEMC, RDP, HEC, PVA, CMC, Inorganic Pigment, Titanium Dioxide, and so on. Please contact with me if you are interested in our products. My email is export03@cnsuna.com My Whatsapp is +86 18631102067

Minimum Order: 1 bags